4 Differing types of NiTi wire specimens had been sourced from Dentsply Maillefer (Ballaigues, Switzerland). All samples had been manufactured to some 0.4 mm cross-sectional diameter and a complete length of 16 mm, of which the central 10 mm part was sized towards the suitable gauge; samples for 3 groups https://www.ortix.co.uk/wires/